Elbow Pain: Complete Guide

Elbow pain is a common problem that can affect your daily life. ^{1, 2} Whether you’re lifting your coffee cup, turning a doorknob, or shaking someone’s hand, your elbow is constantly in use. Many types of elbow pain can be managed without surgery. ^{3, 4, 5, 6} This guide outlines the main elbow problems, their symptoms, and their treatments. The physical therapist will tailor your treatment based on your specific condition, the activities that are difficult for you, and your goals. To understand how physical therapy can help you, check out our guide on physical therapy and its therapeutic approaches. Our physical therapy guide for elbow pain explains the treatment process.

What is elbow pain?

La Elbow pain désigne tout inconfort ressenti dans ou autour de l'articulation du coude. Sa localisation, son apparition et les activités qui la modifient orientent l'évaluation.

The elbow is a complex joint that allows for two types of movement. First, flexion and extension (bending and straightening the arm). Second, pronation (turning the palm downward) and supination (turning it upward). Three bones meet at the elbow: the humerus (upper arm bone), the radius, and the ulna (forearm bones).

Tendons connect muscles to bones. The tendons that attach near the elbow transmit the force needed to move the hand and wrist. A healthcare professional examines these movements when pain occurs near where a tendon attaches to a bone.

The elbow also contains delicate structures such as the ulnar nerve. This is the nerve you “hit” when you bump your elbow and feel a jolt of electricity all the way to your fingers. This path exposes the nerve to compression and irritation. ⁷

What conditions might be considered when a patient presents with elbow pain?

Several conditions can cause elbow pain. Epicondylitis affects the tendons—the strong bands that connect muscles to bones. Olecranon bursitis is the irritation or inflammation of the small fluid-filled sac that protects the tip of the elbow. Cubital tunnel syndrome involves the ulnar nerve, which transmits sensation to the little finger and controls certain muscles of the hand. A problem with the joint—where the bones meet—can also cause symptoms. An evaluation helps distinguish between these conditions. ^{8, 9, 10}

The location of the pain and the actions that trigger it provide the first clues.

Lateral epicondylitis causes pain on the outside of the elbow, often when you grip an object or extend your wrist against resistance.

Medial epicondylalgia causes pain on the inner side of the elbow, often when you bend your wrist against resistance.

Olecranon bursitis causes swelling in the small pouch at the tip of the elbow. The healthcare professional looks for signs such as repeated pressure on the area, a blow to the elbow, or signs of infection.

Cubital tunnel syndrome can cause numbness in the ring finger and little finger, with or without pain on the inner side of the elbow.

Elbow osteoarthritis can cause stiffness, pain when you fully bend or straighten your arm, or locking of the joint. ¹¹

What is lateral epicondylalgia, or pain on the outside of the elbow?

Lateral epicondylalgia, sometimes called “tennis elbow,” refers to pain on the outer side of the elbow associated with the tendons of the muscles that extend the wrist—the extensors. ¹² The evaluation measures hand strength and identifies movements that become painful or difficult. ^{13, 14}

You can develop lateral epicondylitis even if you’ve never played tennis. The healthcare professional will review the work, sports, and recreational activities that affect your symptoms. Activities to consider include:

• Office work (computer mouse, keyboard)

• Manual labor (carpentry, plumbing, electrical work)

• Professional cooking (chopping, slicing)

• Gardening (pruning, raking)

• Any repetitive wrist activity

The risk may increase when repetitive movements of the elbow, forearm, and wrist are combined with significant exertion, especially at work. This association depends on the type and intensity of exposure and does not apply equally to all repetitive movements. ^{2, 15, 14}

What are the symptoms of lateral epicondylalgia?

The pain may be located near the external bony prominence and extend toward the forearm. Symptoms that may be reported include:

• Pain when gripping an object (door handle, coffee cup)

• Pain when twisting the wrist (opening a jar, turning a key)

• Weak grip

• Pain when pressing on the outer side of the elbow

• Pain that worsens with activity

Why does lateral epicondylitis develop?

Significant and repeated exertion can contribute to lateral epicondylalgia, though it does not account for all cases. Changes in the tendon, in muscle control, and in the way the nervous system processes signals may also contribute to the symptoms. The name describes the pain in this area; it does not prove a single cause or a tendon tear. ^{14, 16}

Medications can relieve symptoms, but they are no substitute for gradually resuming physical activity. Follow-up evaluations assess pain, grip strength, and the ability to perform selected tasks.

How is lateral epicondylitis treated?

Most cases of lateral elbow pain improve over time, even without specific treatment. Treatment aims to relieve symptoms and help you resume the activities that matter to you. ^{3, 17}

Improvement is not guaranteed for everyone. In a study of 297 people who received various treatments, 54% still reported pain and 55% reported difficulties with their daily activities at the two-year follow-up after treatment. ^{18, 14}

Options to be discussed based on the assessment include:

• Strengthening the forearm: Resistance exercises are among the recommended treatments for persistent lateral elbow pain. They may offer a small benefit compared to treatment without exercise, but studies leave some uncertainty regarding the extent of this benefit. ^{19, 20} The intensity should be adjusted based on symptoms during and after exercise, and then according to the activities the patient needs to resume.

• Activity Modification: Temporarily reduce activities that cause pain. This doesn't mean stopping everything; it's about finding a tolerable level of activity.

• Counterforce bracelet: An elastic band worn just below the elbow. Its effectiveness is determined by comfort and the observed response; it is not a substitute for gradually resuming physical activity.

• Physical Therapy: A personalized program of exercises and manual techniques can be tailored to the individual's abilities and response.

Treatments to avoid or reconsider:

• Cortisone injections: Cortisone is a medication that reduces inflammation. In Bisset’s trial on lateral elbow pain, the initial benefit of the injection did not persist, and the longer-term outcomes were less favorable than those of physical therapy or watchful waiting. ¹³

• Prolonged complete rest: Temporarily reduce the most irritating activities, then resume them as tolerated, rather than imposing a prolonged complete rest period.

What is medial epicondylalgia, or pain on the inside of the elbow?

Medial epicondylalgia, sometimes called “golfer’s elbow,” affects the tendons of the muscles that bend the wrist—the flexors. The pain is located on the inner side of the elbow. Medial epicondylitis is less common than lateral epicondylitis. ²

This pain can occur even without playing golf. The evaluation documents work-related, sports-related, and recreational activities that affect the symptoms, without identifying a specific occupation as the cause.

What is the difference between external and internal elbow pain?

Lateral epicondylitis affects the outside of the elbow; medial epicondylitis affects the inside. The muscles involved in reproducing the pain also differ.

The evaluation of lateral pain focuses in particular on the wrist extensors; the evaluation of medial pain focuses in particular on the flexors.

Wrist extension against resistance can be tested for lateral pain; flexion against resistance can be tested for medial pain.

The examination also looks for other possible causes, such as a nerve or joint problem, when the symptoms do not indicate tendon pain.

Weakness in the grip may accompany lateral pain; numbness in the 4th and 5th fingers suggests that the ulnar nerve should be evaluated, especially when accompanied by medial pain.

How is medial epicondylalgia treated?

Treatment for medial epicondylalgia may involve a combination of modifying activities and strengthening the muscles that flex the wrist. The healthcare professional adjusts the intensity of the exercises and also checks for numbness or weakness, which may indicate a problem with the ulnar nerve.

Non-surgical treatment, using a tailored program, can be tried before discussing a surgical option, depending on the severity and progression of the condition. ²¹ The timing of a surgical consultation depends on the problem, the activities that are limited, and the patient’s progress.

Involvement of the ulnar nerve may accompany medial epicondylitis, particularly in individuals referred to a specialist or who have undergone surgery. The prevalence observed in these groups does not necessarily reflect that of the general population. If you experience numbness in your ring and little fingers in addition to pain, be sure to mention this to your healthcare provider. ^{22, 23}

What is elbow bursitis (olecranon bursitis)?

Elbow bursitis, also known as olecranon bursitis, is an inflammation of the bursa, a small sac located at the tip of the elbow. This sac helps the skin glide over the bone. A buildup of fluid causes it to swell, with or without infection. ²⁴

Elbow bursitis can occur after repeated strain, trauma, infection, or certain inflammatory conditions. Mention any repeated pressure on your elbow if swelling develops. ^{25, 26}

What are the causes of elbow bursitis?

The main causes are:

• Blow to the elbow: An impact can irritate the bursa and cause swelling, but the examination must also rule out a fracture or other injury.

• Prolonged pressure: Repeated pressure on the tip of the elbow can irritate the bursa. Using a cushion or changing your posture can help reduce this pressure.

• Infection: A possible infection must be recognized quickly, as it affects the medical evaluation and treatment. Infected bursitis may result from bacteria entering through a skin lesion. However, the absence of a visible wound does not rule out infection, as illustrated by a series of three hockey players, two of whom had elbow bursitis and one of whom had knee bursitis. This small series does not allow for an estimate of the frequency of this condition. ^{27, 28}

• Inflammatory diseases: Gout, which is caused by deposits of uric acid crystals, can lead to bursitis. Uric acid is a substance found in the body. Rheumatoid arthritis can also be a cause: the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the joints and, at times, other tissues.

How to recognize elbow bursitis?

The most obvious symptom is swelling at the tip of the elbow. It sometimes feels like a "golf ball" under the skin. Possible signs include:

• Swelling that is sometimes only slightly painful or painless, especially when there is no infection

• Pain, especially when pressure is applied to the elbow

• Local redness or warmth should be evaluated in conjunction with swelling, pain, fever, and a physical examination

Elbow mobility is generally normal. This finding alone is not sufficient to rule out another condition.

When to be concerned about elbow bursitis?

Request an evaluation right away if you have:

• Fever accompanied by pain or swelling in the elbow

• Redness that spreads or worsens rapidly

• Localized warmth accompanied by redness, swelling, or fever

• Severe pain or rapid worsening of pain, especially after an injury

• A wound or cut near the elbow that needs to be evaluated

These symptoms may indicate an infected bursitis, which requires immediate medical attention to determine the appropriate treatment.

Swelling that spreads or significant warmth at the tip of the elbow should be evaluated promptly by a doctor. Red, warm skin or pus discharge may also indicate an infection. An infected bursitis may require antibiotics, and sometimes a fluid sample or drainage; physical therapy is not a substitute for these treatments. ⁹

How is elbow bursitis treated?

For non-infected bursitis:

• Elbow Protection: Avoid direct pressure. Use a protective pad.

• Ice can be used to see if it provides relief and may help alleviate pain in the short term. However, it is unclear how much of the improvement in this type of bursitis is due to the cold alone. ²⁹ Protect the skin and discontinue use if it causes an unusual reaction.

• Compression: An elastic bandage may be considered for comfort, but it should not be tight enough to affect sensation or change the color of the hand.

• Anti-inflammatory medications: Discuss bursitis medications with a pharmacist or healthcare provider based on your health condition and other treatments you are taking.

• Aspiration: The doctor may remove fluid with a needle for certain evaluations or treatments. This procedure is not routinely performed for bursitis caused by repetitive stress, as it can introduce an infection.

The course of non-infected cases varies; a follow-up evaluation is recommended if swelling, pain, or redness worsens despite non-surgical treatment.

For infected bursitis:

• Seek immediate medical evaluation; an infected bursitis usually requires antibiotics prescribed by a doctor

• The need for suction or drainage is determined following a medical evaluation

• A referral to a surgeon is considered only in certain complicated or persistent situations

What is cubital tunnel syndrome?

Le syndrome du tunnel cubital désigne une irritation ou une compression du nerf ulnaire autour du coude.³⁰

The ulnar nerve passes through a narrow canal inside the elbow, called the cubital tunnel. At this point, the nerve is vulnerable to compression and stretching. ⁷ A blow to this area can cause a tingling sensation that radiates down to the ring finger and little finger.

Medial pain accompanied by numbness warrants evaluation, as a problem with the ulnar nerve may also be present. At the elbow, this nerve passes through a groove between the medial epicondyle—the inner bony prominence—and the olecranon, the tip of the elbow. A bent elbow can compress and stretch the nerve. ³⁰ Numbness usually affects the little finger and the inner half of the ring finger. Report these symptoms promptly; progressive weakness or muscle atrophy in the hand requires immediate medical evaluation. ¹⁰

What are the symptoms of cubital tunnel syndrome?

Typical symptoms include:

• Numbness in the 4th (ring) and 5th (little) fingers

• Tingling sensations that extend up towards the elbow

• An "electric shock" sensation at the elbow

• Weak grip, particularly for delicate movements

• Clumsiness in the fingers (difficulty buttoning clothes, writing)

• Pain on the inside of the elbow

The assessment checks whether prolonged elbow flexion, sleeping, or other activities affect the numbness.

What causes cubital tunnel syndrome?

Cubital tunnel syndrome occurs when the ulnar nerve is compressed or irritated at the elbow. Prolonged bending of the elbow or direct pressure on it can increase the strain on this nerve. Several factors may combine, and there is no single, obvious cause in all cases:

• Prolonged Positions: Keeping the elbow bent for long periods (e.g., while on the phone, sleeping with a bent arm) ^{7, 31}

• Direct Pressure: Leaning on the elbow

• Repetitive Movements: Repeated bending and straightening of the elbow

• Other health conditions: Diabetes accompanied by damage to small blood vessels and a higher body mass index—a measure of weight relative to height—are associated with cubital tunnel syndrome. After taking other factors into account, a large study did not find this association for hypothyroidism, a condition characterized by reduced thyroid gland activity. ³²

• Anatomy: Some people naturally have a narrower cubital tunnel

How is cubital tunnel syndrome treated?

Non-surgical treatments (for mild to moderate cases):

• Activity Modification: Avoid keeping the elbow bent for long periods. Do not lean on your elbow.

• Night splint: A splint limits elbow flexion while you sleep, keeping the elbow in a neutral or slightly bent position. It can be tried in some mild or moderate cases, while monitoring your comfort and symptoms.

• Nerve-sliding exercises: Gentle movements of the elbow and wrist cause the ulnar nerve to slide along its pathway. These sliding exercises may be recommended depending on your symptoms. A 2022 review reported improvements with several treatments but did not identify the most effective method. It did not compare nerve pain to muscle or joint pain. In any case, stop the exercise if it causes or increases numbness. ³³ A physical therapist can show you an appropriate movement.

• Ergonomics: Adjust your workstation to avoid positions that put pressure on the nerve.

In mild or moderate cases, education, activity modifications, and a splint are among the non-surgical treatment options being studied. ⁵

What is elbow osteoarthritis?

Elbow osteoarthritis affects the joint, particularly the cartilage—the smooth lining that facilitates movement between the bones—and the bones themselves. It can occur without any known injury or develop after an injury, such as a fracture. ⁶ These changes do not cause pain in everyone: imaging findings do not always correspond to pain or functional limitations. The healthcare professional therefore interprets the images in conjunction with your symptoms and the physical examination. ^{6, 34} Physical therapy does not reverse the observed changes; it can help improve mobility, strength, and activities that are currently limited. ⁶ An elbow that locks up or loses range of motion also warrants an evaluation.

Elbow osteoarthritis can cause pain and stiffness, just like knee or hip osteoarthritis. A past injury or repetitive strain may contribute to the problem, though they do not, on their own, account for all the symptoms.

Two contexts deserve special attention:

• Les personnes ayant subi un traumatisme : Fracture ou luxation du coude. L'arthrose du coude peut notamment survenir après une fracture ou une luxation.^{35, 36}

• Manual laborers and athletes: Repeated high loads at work or during sports may be part of the clinical history, but they do not, on their own, confirm the diagnosis. Studies have observed an association with osteoarthritis or damage to the elbow cartilage, but the causal role of overload and repeated minor injuries remains uncertain. ^{37, 35}

What are the symptoms of elbow osteoarthritis?

Characteristic symptoms include:

• Loss of range of motion: Difficulty fully bending or straightening the elbow. The timing of its onset varies and must be considered in the context of the progression of symptoms.

• Pain at the end of movement: Pain occurs when you try to fully extend or bend your arm.

• Cracking or grinding sounds: A sensation of rubbing or cracking during movement.

• Lockups: A sensation that the elbow “seizes up” or locks. Recurrent lockups require an evaluation, as several mechanisms can cause this sensation.

• Weakness: Difficulty lifting objects.

Range of motion, pain, and mechanical symptoms are compared together; the order in which they appear varies.

How is elbow osteoarthritis treated?

Non-surgical treatments:

• Exercises: The program can focus on mobility or strength when the assessment reveals a relevant limitation. Range-of-motion exercises can be used to work on existing mobility, within a tolerable range.

• Anti-inflammatory medications: For osteoarthritis, any medication option should be discussed with a pharmacist or prescribing healthcare provider based on your health condition and other treatments you are taking.

• Injections: The expected benefits, risks, and other options are discussed with the prescribing physician.

• Hot or cold: Heat can help you relax. Cold can be tried for comfort. These methods do not cure osteoarthritis.

Surgical treatment (for advanced cases):

Several options are available depending on the severity:

• Arthroscopic debridement: removal of fragments or growths that interfere with movement, using a small camera and instruments inserted into the joint

• Arthroplasty: replacement of part or all of a joint with a prosthesis, an artificial joint

• Arthrodesis: a surgical procedure that fuses bones together and eliminates joint movement; this option is rarely used for the elbow

The decision to undergo surgery depends on the cause, severity, limitations, and response to nonsurgical options.

When should you consult a professional for elbow pain?

Elbow pain accompanied by visible deformity or significant difficulty moving the arm following an injury requires urgent care. A fever accompanied by spreading redness, localized warmth, or swelling requires immediate evaluation. Info-Santé 811 can provide guidance if you’re unsure; call 911 if a life appears to be in danger or if the person cannot safely get to the emergency room.

Situations that require immediate evaluation:

• Go to the emergency room if severe arm pain makes it difficult to move your arm.
• Significant difficulty moving the elbow—especially following an injury or a rapid worsening of symptoms—requires immediate evaluation.
• Any loss of sensation or significant weakness in the hand that develops or worsens requires immediate evaluation.
• Call 911 if you experience sudden arm pain accompanied by pressure, heaviness, or tightness in your chest.
• Seek urgent medical attention if your arm hurts during physical activity and the pain goes away when you rest.
• Seek medical attention right away on the same day if your arm is swollen and you have a high fever, feel hot or cold, or have chills.
• Go to the emergency room after an injury if you heard a cracking sound or if your arm has changed shape.

Other situations that warrant medical advice:

• Faites évaluer rapidement les fourmillements ou les engourdissements du bras, même sans blessure.
• Request a prompt re-evaluation if a neurological problem that is already being monitored worsens.
• See a doctor if you experience frequent joint locking or a progressive loss of range of motion.

In other cases: Most elbow pain can be evaluated on a non-urgent basis. In Quebec, you can see a physical therapist directly in the private sector without a referral, but an insurer or public health plan may impose its own conditions. If your pain persists, worsens, or affects your quality of life, make an appointment for an evaluation.

How does physiotherapy help treat elbow pain?

Physical therapy helps treat elbow pain through exercises, activity guidance, and, if necessary, mobilization techniques. For pain on the outer side of the elbow, active management includes, among other things, wrist strengthening. The average benefits are modest and remain uncertain in comparative studies. For other issues, the physical therapist tailors range-of-motion, strength, and activity exercises to the specific diagnosis. ^{38, 19, 14}

Assessment, manual techniques, and the session protocol are described in our physical therapy guide for elbow pain.

Does physical therapy really work for elbow pain?

Physical therapy can reduce pain on the outside of the elbow and make certain activities easier, especially in the short term. The average effects are modest, vary depending on the treatment being compared, and do not always persist after treatment.

The 2024 Cochrane review included 23 trials and 1,612 participants. Compared with little or no care, exercise, manual therapy, or a combination of the two may slightly reduce pain and functional limitations at the end of treatment. The confidence in this finding is low, and the benefits were not sustained in the available follow-up studies. ³⁸

In Bisset’s trial, 198 people received either exercises and mobilization, an injection, or counseling with monitoring of their progress. Physical therapy yielded better results than the waiting list at six weeks, but the two groups were no longer clearly distinguishable at one year. The injection had an advantage initially, but was followed by more relapses. ¹³

These results primarily apply to lateral epicondylalgia. Infected bursitis, nerve compression, or osteoarthritis require different treatments. To monitor your progress, the healthcare professional compares your pain levels, strength, and activities over the course of your visits.

Home exercises can strengthen the wrist, maintain elbow mobility, or mobilize a nerve, depending on the assessed problem. Reduce the intensity or ask for an adjustment if symptoms worsen significantly or persist.

Can you treat elbow pain on your own?

You can temporarily reduce painful movements, vary how you put weight on your feet, and try exercises tailored to your condition. If the pain persists or worsens, get evaluated. Any new or worsening weakness or loss of sensation requires immediate evaluation.

Detailed exercises, including their starting positions and progression, as well as adjustments to try at work and during sports, are described in our physical therapy guide for elbow pain.

What Myths About Elbow Pain Should You Stop Believing?

The notion that complete rest or cortisone always cures elbow pain is misleading. Osteoarthritis does not necessarily require stopping all activity, and numbness does not automatically indicate carpal tunnel syndrome.

Complete rest is not required for all cases of flank pain; activity levels can be adjusted and then gradually resumed.

In the cited study on lateral pain, the injection produced an initial benefit but yielded less favorable long-term outcomes than physical therapy or watchful waiting.

Elbow osteoarthritis does not automatically require stopping activities; these can be adjusted to suit one's abilities, symptoms, and goals.

Numbness in the ring and little fingers may indicate a problem with the ulnar nerve at the elbow.
Carpal tunnel syndrome affects another nerve in the wrist; the location of the numb fingers helps distinguish between the two conditions.

Lateral epicondylalgia is usually evaluated through history and physical examination.
Imaging is considered when it may alter the diagnosis or management.

How does elbow pain change over time?

Most cases of lateral epicondylalgia improve over the course of several months, whereas nerve compression, bursitis, or osteoarthritis may follow a different course. Persistent pain does not mean you need surgery; follow-up care is used to adjust your treatment plan.

Trends observed by issue:

The figures in a study describe its participants, not your personal results. The diagnosis, symptoms, and challenging activities are still necessary for deciding how to proceed.

Pain on the outside of the elbow: A review of 24 trials examined groups that received no active treatment or a placebo, which is a sham treatment. In the studies that measured overall improvement at one year, 189 out of 213 people—about 89%—reported feeling much better or fully recovered. This does not mean that all of them were pain-free. ³ This proportion reflects a perceived improvement, not evidence of complete tendon healing. ³

Internal elbow pain: Non-surgical treatments are generally tried first. The presence of numbness or weakness changes the assessment and may require a medical evaluation. The outcomes of patients who have undergone surgery do not allow us to predict the recovery time for all cases. ²¹

Bursite non infectée : le gonflement peut diminuer en quelques semaines. Dans un essai, il avait diminué ou disparu à quatre semaines chez 25 des 30 personnes ayant reçu compression et anti-inflammatoires. Ce résultat ne garantit pas l’absence de récidive, et une rougeur ou une fièvre demande une réévaluation rapide. L’essai précise les résultats à quatre semaines³⁹.

Tunnel cubital léger ou modéré : dans un essai, 51 des 57 personnes revues à six mois rapportaient une amélioration. Toutes avaient reçu des conseils; l’ajout d’une attelle ou d’exercices nerveux n’avait pas montré d’avantage clair dans cet essai. L’étude porte sur des cas légers ou modérés⁴⁰.

Many people can manage their symptoms by adjusting their activities and wearing an elbow brace. However, significant nerve compression or weakness in the hand may require a surgical evaluation. ¹⁰ The 2022 review describes the treatment options. ³⁰ The 2025 Cochrane review now includes a trial comparing written advice to surgery, but its results are too uncertain to determine which option leads to greater improvement in function in this comparison. ⁴¹

Elbow osteoarthritis: Joint changes remain present, but pain and function may improve with appropriate care. Significant discomfort despite this care may lead to a discussion of surgery; imaging alone does not determine the treatment. ⁶

Key takeaways

Here are the most important messages from this guide:

• The course of the condition varies depending on the problem: many conditions can be treated without surgery, depending on the diagnosis and the course of the condition.

• Exercise is one of the most thoroughly studied treatment options for lateral elbow pain: For lateral elbow pain, a resistance training program can be selected and adjusted based on the patient's response.

• Cortisone injections are not a magic solution: In the study on lateral pain cited here, the initial benefit of the injection did not last over the long term.

• Patience is key: Tendon-related pain can last for several months. Focus on changes in pain, strength, and your ability to perform daily activities rather than on a specific recovery date.

• If necessary, consult a physical therapist: They can assess your situation and tailor a plan to your goals.

If you have persistent elbow pain, please don't hesitate to see a doctor.

What studies does this guide draw on?

This guide is based on population studies, treatment trials, research reviews, and the 2022 clinical guideline on lateral elbow pain. The links in the text also refer to research on bursitis, the ulnar nerve, and osteoarthritis.

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